How to Make Pistachio Butter for Dubai Chocolate
How to make pistachio butter for dubai chocolate at home. Simple recipe with roasted pistachios creates creamy homemade pistachio butter.
Hey there, beautiful bakers! It’s your eternally flour-dusted friend Rebeccah here, and honestly, I’m still pinching myself over this latest kitchen adventure learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Picture this: me, standing in my grandmother’s old kitchen last month, wooden spoon in hand just like when I was seven. However, this time I wasn’t stirring cookie dough – I was completely mesmerized by the viral Dubai chocolate craze sweeping social media.
The transformation happened when I first tasted authentic pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Moreover, that moment reminded me of discovering vanilla extract’s magic as a little girl. The rich, nutty aroma transported me back to those oversized-apron days when Grandma taught me that patience creates the most beautiful desserts.
Initially, I’ll admit, my first attempt at how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate was a disaster. Furthermore, I learned the hard way that rushing the process creates grainy, disappointing results. Nevertheless, after several attempts and one memorable kitchen mishap involving pistachios scattered across my entire floor, I finally mastered how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate perfectly.
Now, I’m thrilled to share this foolproof method for how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate with you. Additionally, we’ll create something absolutely magical together – that silky, luxurious pistachio butter that makes Dubai chocolate so incredibly special.
Table of Contents
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What Makes This Pistachio Butter Recipe Unique
Learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate transforms ordinary shelled pistachios into liquid gold that rivals the most expensive Dubai chocolate fillings. Unlike store-bought versions, our method for how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate preserves the pistachios’ natural oils while creating that signature creamy texture Dubai chocolate demands.
The secret to how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate lies in proper roasting technique combined with temperature control. Subsequently, this develops deeper flavors while ensuring optimal oil release during processing. Furthermore, commercial pistachio butter often contains unnecessary additives and preservatives that can interfere with learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate successfully.
Most importantly, when you learn how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate, we’re using minimal ingredients to let those gorgeous pistachios shine. This approach mirrors traditional Middle Eastern nut butter techniques that have been perfected over centuries. Additionally, mastering how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate allows you to control texture consistency perfectly for your Dubai chocolate creations.
The Science Behind Perfect Pistachio Butter
Understanding why this method for how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate works helps you troubleshoot and achieve consistent results. Roasting pistachios at 350°F activates enzymes that break down cell walls, releasing precious oils essential for smooth butter formation. Moreover, the heat transforms starches into sugars, creating natural sweetness that complements Dubai chocolate’s richness.
Temperature control during processing prevents oil separation – a common problem when learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Consequently, our step-by-step approach ensures professional results every single time you make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate.
Essential Ingredients for Perfect Pistachio Butter
| Ingredient | US Measurement | Metric | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Raw shelled pistachios | 3 cups | 360g | Choose bright green, plump nuts |
| Flaky sea salt | ½ teaspoon | 2.5g | Diamond Crystal or Maldon preferred |
Shopping Tips for US Grocery Stores
First, head to the baking aisle or bulk bins section where you’ll find the freshest pistachio selection for learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Look for pistachios with vibrant green color – this indicates freshness and quality essential for superior results when you make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Additionally, avoid any nuts that appear yellowish or have dark spots, as these affect your Dubai chocolate’s final flavor when you learn how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate.
Premium Shopping Strategy: Costco and Sam’s Club offer excellent bulk pistachio deals, perfect for making large batches when you’re mastering how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Meanwhile, Whole Foods and Trader Joe’s stock high-quality organic options that create exceptionally flavorful results for your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate projects.
Seasonal Considerations: California pistachios peak from September through February, making this the ideal time to stock up for your homemade adventures learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Furthermore, buying during peak season ensures maximum freshness and often better pricing for your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate endeavors.
Bold Add-ins for Creative Variations:
- Pure vanilla extract (¼ teaspoon) – enhances complexity when you make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate
- Raw honey (1 tablespoon) – adds natural sweetness to your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate
- Rose water (2-3 drops) – creates Middle Eastern authenticity in your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate
- Ground cardamom (pinch) – traditional spice pairing for pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate
- Orange blossom water (1-2 drops) – subtle floral notes perfect for pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate
International Substitutions and Adaptations
Can’t find flaky salt in your area when learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate? Regular fine sea salt works perfectly for pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Simply reduce the amount to ¼ teaspoon initially. Moreover, taste and adjust as needed since salt enhances pistachio flavor without overpowering your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate’s sweetness.
European Readers: Look for Sicilian pistachios if available when you’re learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate – they offer incredible flavor depth. However, any high-quality shelled pistachios will create excellent results for your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate projects.
Quality Indicators for Best Results:
- Pistachios should smell nutty and fresh, never rancid or stale
- Shells should be completely removed with no fragments
- Nuts feel firm and crisp, not soft or chewy
- Vibrant green color throughout indicates proper processing
- No signs of mold or discoloration anywhere on the nuts
Essential Equipment and Preparation
Required Equipment
You’ll need a high-powered food processor for this recipe on how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Additionally, a rimmed baking sheet and wooden spoon are essential when learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Don’t have a food processor? A high-speed blender works for making pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate, though you’ll need to stop frequently and scrape down sides.
DIY Alternative: A powerful immersion blender with the chopping attachment can work for how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. However, expect longer processing time and more frequent breaks when you make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate.
Step-by-Step Pistachio Butter Instructions
Step 1: Preheat and Prepare Your Oven
Preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C) – this temperature perfectly roasts pistachios without burning their delicate oils when you’re learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Meanwhile, line a rimmed baking sheet with parchment paper for easy cleanup during your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate preparation.
Pro Tip: Never skip the preheat step when making pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Consistent temperature ensures even roasting, which directly impacts your final pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate smoothness.
Step 2: Spread Pistachios for Even Roasting
Spread your 3 cups of shelled pistachios across the prepared baking sheet for your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate project. Make sure they’re in a single layer – overcrowding leads to uneven roasting when you make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Furthermore, give the pan a gentle shake to settle any overlapping nuts during your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate preparation.
Common Mistake I Made: Initially, I piled pistachios too high when learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate, resulting in some burnt while others remained pale. Trust me, patience here saves your entire pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate batch!
Step 3: Roast to Perfection
Place the tray in your preheated oven and bake for 15 minutes when making pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. At the 7-minute mark, remove the pan and give it a good shake. This ensures all sides get golden and fragrant for your perfect pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate.
Sensory Indicators: You’ll know they’re ready for your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate when the kitchen fills with that incredible nutty aroma. Additionally, the pistachios should look slightly darker and feel warm to touch – perfect for how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate.
Step 4: The Magic Food Processor Transformation
Carefully transfer those hot roasted pistachios directly into your food processor bowl for making pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. The heat helps release oils faster, creating smoother consistency when you make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Start with several quick pulses to break down the nuts initially without overworking your machine during the pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate process.
Professional Technique: Adding hot pistachios to the food processor is a game-changer when learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. The residual heat from roasting accelerates the breakdown process, resulting in silkier texture perfect for your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate applications.
Timing is Crucial: Run the machine for 2-3 minutes, then pause to scrape down sides thoroughly when making pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. This prevents overheating while ensuring even processing throughout your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate mixture. Additionally, giving your food processor brief rests prevents motor strain during extended processing sessions for pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate.
Step 5: Master the Art of Listening for the “Turn”
Continue processing your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate, stopping every minute to scrape sides completely. After about 5-7 minutes total, you’ll hear the magic moment – the nuts “turning” into smooth butter. The sound changes from choppy grinding to smooth whirring as oils release fully during your how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate process.
What You’re Listening For: Julia Child always said cooking is about using all your senses, and pistachio butter making proves this wisdom. Similarly, your ears will tell you when transformation happens – the motor sound becomes smoother and less labored as the mixture reaches proper consistency for your how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate project.
Visual Cues: Watch for the moment when chopped pistachios transform into a paste, then gradually become glossy and fluid. The mixture will start climbing up the food processor walls, indicating proper oil release essential for quality pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate.
Troubleshooting Tip: If your pistachios seem stuck in the chopped stage during your how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate process, don’t give up! Sometimes older nuts need extra processing time. Add a tiny drizzle of neutral oil if absolutely necessary, though patience usually wins the day when you’re learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate.
Step 6: Perfect the Final Consistency
Once you achieve that gorgeous runny consistency reminiscent of natural peanut butter, add your flaky salt carefully. Pulse 2-3 times to incorporate evenly throughout your pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Taste and adjust salt as needed – remember, Dubai chocolate relies on that perfect sweet-salty balance that makes each bite irresistible.
Final Touch: The finished pistachio butter should coat a spoon generously and flow like thick honey when warm. If it seems too thick for Dubai chocolate applications, process another 30 seconds. Conversely, if it appears too thin, let it cool slightly as it will firm up naturally.
Professional Standards: Your pistachio butter should have the same consistency as high-end tahini or natural almond butter. This texture pipes beautifully into chocolate molds and spreads evenly for Dubai chocolate assembly.
Expert Tips for Pistachio Butter Success
Professional Techniques That Make the Difference
Temperature control makes all the difference when creating restaurant-quality pistachio butter at home for how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate. Consequently, let your pistachios cool slightly if your food processor seems to struggle with the hot nuts. Overheating can cause the oils to separate, creating grainy texture that won’t work well in Dubai chocolate applications.
Commercial Kitchen Secret: Professional pastry chefs often process nuts in smaller batches to maintain optimal temperature control. Similarly, if making large quantities when learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate, divide your roasted pistachios into 2-cup portions for better results.
Storage Wisdom: Transfer your beautiful pistachio butter into clean mason jars immediately after processing. This prevents contamination while preserving that incredible fresh flavor essential for quality Dubai chocolate. Additionally, leaving headspace in jars allows for natural oil separation without overflow.
Advanced Techniques for Perfect Results
Oil Integration Method: If your pistachio butter appears slightly separated after storage, simply stir gently with a clean spoon. The natural oils will reincorporate beautifully, restoring smooth consistency perfect for Dubai chocolate making.
Texture Customization: For ultra-smooth pistachio butter when learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate, process an additional 2-3 minutes beyond the standard timing. However, for Dubai chocolate with slight texture contrast, stop processing when small pistachio pieces remain visible throughout the mixture.
Flavor Development: Allowing your finished pistachio butter to rest for 24 hours before using enhances flavor complexity significantly. During this time, the salt integrates fully while natural pistachio oils develop deeper, more sophisticated taste profiles perfect for how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate.
Creative Variations for Every Occasion
Regional Variations Across America
- Southern Style: Add a tablespoon of Kentucky bourbon for sophisticated grown-up appeal
- West Coast: Incorporate dried lavender buds for subtle floral notes
- New England: Mix in pure maple syrup for autumn-inspired warmth
- Southwest: Include a pinch of smoked paprika for unexpected depth
- Pacific Northwest: Add a touch of sea salt from the Oregon coast
Dietary Adaptations for Modern Lifestyles
- Keto-Friendly: Perfect as-is – no modifications needed for low-carb Dubai chocolate
- Paleo: Naturally compliant with ancestral eating principles
- Vegan: Already plant-based and delicious for dairy-free Dubai chocolate
- Whole30: Approved ingredients make this suitable for elimination diets
- Nut-Free Alternative: Try sunflower seed butter using identical technique
Holiday and Seasonal Versions
- Christmas: Add warming spices like cinnamon and nutmeg for festive Dubai chocolate
- Valentine’s: Incorporate rose water and pink Himalayan salt for romantic treats
- Easter: Mix in fresh lemon zest for bright spring flavors
- Halloween: Include a pinch of cardamom for mysterious Middle Eastern vibes
- Thanksgiving: Blend in pumpkin pie spice for autumn-themed Dubai chocolate
Don’t miss out:
How to Make Pistachio Butter
Pistachio Butter for Dubai Chocolate
Pistachio Butter Recipe for Dubai Chocolate
Storage and Make-Ahead Tips for Busy Bakers
| Storage Method | Duration | Temperature | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pantry (sealed jar) | 2 weeks | Room temp | Dark location away from heat |
| Refrigerator | 1 month | 35-40°F | May firm up, stir before using |
| Freezer | 3 months | 0°F | Thaw overnight, stir well |
| Vacuum sealed | 6 months | Any temp | Professional preservation method |
Make-Ahead Strategy: Double this pistachio butter recipe easily for multiple Dubai chocolate projects. Consequently, you’ll always have homemade pistachio butter ready for spontaneous baking sessions or unexpected guests who want to try your famous Dubai chocolate creations.
Batch Processing Tips: Making large quantities of pistachio butter saves both time and energy costs. Moreover, consistent results improve with practice, so frequent small batches help perfect your technique faster than occasional large ones when learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate.
Perfect Pairings and Serving Suggestions
This pistachio butter creates incredible Dubai chocolate when paired with high-quality milk chocolate from brands like Callebaut or Valrhona. Moreover, try spreading it on warm brioche toast or swirling generous amounts into vanilla bean ice cream for elegant dessert presentations.
Complementary Flavor Profiles:
- Dark chocolate (70% cacao) creates sophisticated adult treats
- White chocolate offers sweet contrast to pistachio’s earthiness
- Milk chocolate provides classic Dubai chocolate authenticity
- Ruby chocolate adds trendy pink hues for Instagram-worthy presentations
Complementary Recipes:
- Ultimate Dubai Chocolate Recipe
- Homemade Tahini for Middle Eastern Treats
- Roasted Nut Butter Collection
- Artisan Chocolate Tempering Guide
- Middle Eastern Dessert Inspirations
Beverage Pairings: Serve Dubai chocolate made with this pistachio butter alongside Turkish coffee, mint tea, or even champagne for special celebrations. Additionally, pairing with sweet dessert wines like Moscato enhances the Middle Eastern flavor experience beautifully.
Frequently Asked Questions About Pistachio Butter
What are the ingredients in Dubai chocolate pistachio?
Dubai chocolate pistachio typically contains premium milk or dark chocolate filled with silky pistachio butter and sometimes shredded phyllo pastry called kadayif. The pistachio butter component requires only roasted pistachios and salt, creating that signature green filling everyone’s obsessing over on social media. Additionally, authentic versions use high-quality Belgian or Swiss chocolate as the outer shell, while the pistachio butter provides that distinctive Middle Eastern flavor profile that makes Dubai chocolate so incredibly addictive and expensive.
Can you use pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate?
Absolutely! Homemade pistachio butter works perfectly for creating authentic Dubai chocolate at home. In fact, making your own pistachio butter ensures fresher flavor and better texture control compared to store-bought alternatives. Store-bought versions often contain stabilizers and preservatives that can affect the final chocolate’s consistency and mouthfeel. Furthermore, homemade pistachio butter allows you to customize salt levels and texture preferences specifically for your Dubai chocolate creations, resulting in superior taste and presentation.
What is the inside of the pistachio chocolate in Dubai?
The inside of authentic Dubai pistachio chocolate features smooth, creamy pistachio butter combined with crispy phyllo pastry threads called kadayif or kunafa. This combination creates that incredible contrast between creamy and crunchy textures that makes Dubai chocolate so addictive and Instagram-worthy. Moreover, some premium versions include additional elements like rose petals, crushed pistachios, or honey for enhanced complexity. The pistachio butter itself should have a vibrant green color and rich, nutty flavor that complements the chocolate shell perfectly.
Why is Dubai pistachio chocolate so expensive?
Dubai pistachio chocolate costs significantly more due to premium ingredients and artisanal production methods throughout the manufacturing process. High-quality pistachios, imported Belgian chocolate, and hand-assembly processes all contribute to the elevated price point that can reach $20-30 per bar. Additionally, limited availability drives up demand and cost, while the social media popularity has created artificial scarcity in many markets. Furthermore, authentic Dubai chocolate often uses organic pistachios and single-origin chocolate, justifying the premium pricing for discerning consumers.
Is Dubai pistachio chocolate halal?
Most authentic Dubai pistachio chocolate is halal-certified, as it’s produced in Muslim-majority regions following strict Islamic dietary guidelines. However, always check individual product labels or manufacturer certifications to ensure compliance with your specific dietary requirements. Moreover, homemade pistachio butter naturally creates halal-friendly Dubai chocolate since it contains no animal products or alcohol-based flavorings. Additionally, many commercial producers specifically market their pistachio butter and Dubai chocolate as halal to appeal to broader international markets.
Is Dubai chocolate worth the money?
Dubai chocolate offers a unique flavor experience that justifies the premium price for special occasions and gifts. Nevertheless, making homemade pistachio butter allows you to create similar flavors at a fraction of the cost while controlling ingredient quality completely. Furthermore, the satisfaction of creating restaurant-quality Dubai chocolate at home adds value beyond cost savings, allowing you to customize flavors and share your creations with family and friends who will be amazed by your culinary skills. Learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate empowers you to recreate this luxury treat affordably.
Creating Your Perfect Dubai Chocolate Experience
The beauty of homemade pistachio butter extends far beyond saving money on expensive imported treats. Furthermore, you’re creating something truly special with your own hands, just like I learned in Grandma’s kitchen all those years ago when she taught me that the best ingredients come from patience and love.
This pistachio butter recipe connects us to ancient Middle Eastern traditions while embracing modern viral food trends that have taken social media by storm. Additionally, there’s something deeply satisfying about transforming simple pistachios into luxurious butter that rivals expensive imported treats from Dubai’s finest chocolatiers.
The Cultural Significance of Pistachio Butter
Understanding the cultural roots of pistachio butter enhances appreciation for this Dubai chocolate component. Middle Eastern cultures have been crafting nut butters for centuries, viewing them as symbols of hospitality and abundance. Similarly, offering homemade pistachio butter to guests demonstrates the same warmth and generosity that defines traditional Arab hospitality.
Historical Context: Pistachios originated in the Middle East over 9,000 years ago, making them one of humanity’s oldest nuts. Consequently, creating pistachio butter connects us to this rich culinary heritage while participating in contemporary food trends. Learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate honors these ancient traditions.
Professional Presentation Tips
Expert Recommendation: According to renowned pastry chef Dominique Ansel, working with nuts requires patience and understanding their natural oils throughout the entire process. Similarly, this pistachio butter recipe teaches those fundamental techniques while creating incredible results that impress even the most discerning chocolate connoisseurs.
Plating and Presentation: When serving Dubai chocolate made with your homemade pistachio butter, consider the visual impact carefully. Arrange pieces on white porcelain plates to highlight the contrast between dark chocolate and vibrant green pistachio filling. Moreover, garnish with chopped pistachios and a light dusting of powdered sugar for restaurant-quality presentation.
Building Your Dubai Chocolate Business
Many home bakers have successfully turned their pistachio butter skills into profitable ventures. Starting with friends and family, then expanding to local farmers markets, creates sustainable income streams. Furthermore, the current Dubai chocolate trend provides perfect timing for entrepreneurs interested in artisanal confection businesses. Mastering how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate opens these business opportunities.
Cost Analysis: Homemade pistachio butter costs approximately $3-4 per cup compared to $15-20 for equivalent commercial versions. This dramatic cost difference allows significant profit margins while still offering customers better prices than imported Dubai chocolate.
Seasonal Menu Integration
Spring Applications: Fresh pistachio butter pairs beautifully with strawberry-filled Dubai chocolate for Easter celebrations. Additionally, incorporating lemon zest creates bright, seasonal flavors perfect for Mother’s Day gifts when you know how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate.
Summer Variations: Frozen Dubai chocolate bars made with pistachio butter offer refreshing treats during hot weather. Moreover, adding coconut flakes creates tropical flavor profiles ideal for summer entertaining.
Fall Inspiration: Combining pistachio butter with pumpkin spice creates unique Dubai chocolate perfect for Thanksgiving dessert tables. Furthermore, apple cider reduction swirled into pistachio butter adds sophisticated autumn complexity.
Winter Celebrations: Holiday-spiced pistachio butter transforms Dubai chocolate into perfect Christmas gifts. Additionally, peppermint extract creates festive flavors while maintaining the Middle Eastern authenticity that makes Dubai chocolate so special.
Try serving your homemade pistachio butter alongside Turkish delight and fresh mint tea for an authentic Middle Eastern experience that transports guests directly to Dubai’s bustling spice markets. Moreover, consider gifting small mason jars filled with your gorgeous pistachio butter to friends and family – they’ll be absolutely amazed by your culinary skills and attention to detail.
Community Building Through Food
Share your pistachio butter creations on social media platforms and tag us @DessertHaven for featured spotlights. I absolutely love seeing how our baking community transforms simple ingredients into extraordinary treats that bring families together. After all, we’re continuing that beautiful tradition of passing down sweet knowledge from one generation to the next, just like my grandmother did with her wooden spoon and endless patience.
Recipe Testing Community: Join our online community where bakers share their pistachio butter variations and Dubai chocolate innovations. Additionally, participating in monthly challenges helps improve techniques while building lasting friendships with fellow baking enthusiasts who are also learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate.
The magic happens when we combine traditional techniques with modern creativity, creating something entirely new while honoring the past. Your homemade pistachio butter represents this beautiful balance, transforming humble nuts into luxurious treats that rival the world’s finest chocolatiers. Learning how to make pistachio butter for Dubai chocolate empowers you to create these extraordinary desserts at home.
Homemade Pistachio Butter for Dubai Chocolate
Ingredients
Equipment
Method
- Preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C). Line a rimmed baking sheet with parchment paper for easy cleanup.
- Spread the 3 cups of shelled pistachios across the prepared baking sheet in a single layer. Make sure they’re not overcrowded to ensure even roasting.
- Roast the pistachios in the preheated oven for 15 minutes, shaking the pan at the 7-minute mark to ensure even browning. They should be golden and fragrant when done.
- Carefully transfer the hot roasted pistachios directly into your food processor bowl. The heat helps release oils faster for smoother consistency.
- Start with several quick pulses to break down the nuts initially, then process for 2-3 minutes. Stop and scrape down the sides thoroughly.
- Continue processing, stopping every minute to scrape sides completely. After 5-7 minutes total, you’ll hear the sound change from choppy grinding to smooth whirring as the nuts transform into butter.
- Once you achieve a runny consistency like natural peanut butter, add the flaky salt and pulse 2-3 times to incorporate evenly. Taste and adjust salt as needed.
